Comparing Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Essay -- Movie Film com

Parallels in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now In the interpretation and comparison of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now on that point begins to unfold a list of similarities that can be linked to Arturian legend, particularly the quest of the grail. Marlow, or Willard can be viewed as the knight who has been sent on a mythic quest, the specific task being the recovery or assassination of Kurtz, the mythic god-man linked to the Fisher King in Arthurian romance. Conrad specifically modeled his novel on these legends, while Coppola expanded on the concept, using Conrad as a stepping off point and drawing from J.G. Frazers The golden Bough and J. Westons From Ritual to Romance. I will examine the questers purpose for traveling into the heart of darkness, a void in the midst of a burgeoning jungle that has become a fecund depopulate land. View the quester as he comes in contact with a mysterious god-man or divine king whose own demise has contributed to the demise of the tou ch atmosphere, and how Marlow, and in turn Willard, deal with this figure, known as Kurtz. Finally I will discuss why Apocalypse Now fails as a refreshment of Conrads Heart of Darkness. top The Task of the Hero In Arthurian legend a certain task is placed, or rather imposed upon the grail wedge shape, whether that hero be Gawain, Perceval, or Galahad. He sets out on a journey with no clear idea of the task before him, except that he, at the tender of King Arthur, must find the grail, and that he is taking the place of a mysterious knight that set out before him but was killed. The quest of the grail eventually gives way, as the story unfolds, to the knights healing of the Fisher King (the watcher of the grail), who has fallen gravely ill and w... ... sun beats, And the dead tree gives us no shelter, the cricket no relief, And the dry stone no sound of water. Only There is shadow under this red-faced rock, (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you somethin g different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind you Or your shadow at evening rising to butt you I will show you fear in a handful of dust. (Eliot) Works Cited Conrad, Joseph Heart of Darkness, New York, Penguin Books 1983 Weston, Jessie L. From Ritual to Romance, New Jersey, Princeton Press 1993 Frazer, James G. The Golden Bough(abridged version), New York, Macmillian Publishing Company, 1950 Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte dArthur, Oxford Press, 1967 Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land and Other Poems, New York, London, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1988

F. S. Fitzgeralds Fighting the Past and Self-loathing in Babylon Revis

F. S. Fitzgeralds Fighting the Past and Self-Loathing in Babylon RevisitedFranklin Scott Fitzgeralds liveness as a writer in the 1920s shaped the stories that he created. Much of the content of numerous of his tales correlates with his private life with his wife Zelda, his trouble with alcohol, and their lives in Europe. Fitzgerald wrote the story Babylon Revisited - perhaps his most widely read story - in December of 1930, and then it was published in February of 1931 in The Saturday Evening Post. Mathew J. Bruccoli writes in A Brief Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald that The dominant influences on F. Scott Fitzgerald were aspiration...Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald, and alcohol, and each of these influences are painfully visible in Babylon Revisited. Charlie Wales, the briny character in Babylon Revisited, is obviously an image of Fitzgerald and the life that he lived in the roaring twenties, but the sympathy that Fitzgeralds writing seems to presume is as shallow as Charlies giving up alcoho l. The bond between Fitzgerald and Charlie Wales, however, is not as shallow as the contempt that Fitzgerald holds for the life that both he and Charlie do itd both Charlie and Fitzgerald experience financial success, suffering marriages, and alcoholism.Through the narration of Charlies past and his conversations with various characters in Babylon Revisited, it is explained that Charlie became somewhat wealthy in the boom of the 1920s and spent it frivolously. Charlie and Helen Wales enjoyed a carefree life full of parties, plays, and other functions of high society in which they paid exorbitant amounts of money to every person that they dealt with, where Charlie remembers thousand-franc notes given to an orchestra for playing... ...rough her affair with a French nautical aviator contributed almost the entire storyline from which Fitzgerald created Charlie and the whole of Babylon Revisited.BibliographyFitzgerald, F. Scott. Babylon Revisited. From The International Story. Spack, R obert, ed. St. Martins Press New York. 1994, pp86-102.William J. Brondell, Structural Metaphors in Fitzgeralds Short Fiction, in Kansas Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2, Spring, 1982, pp. 107-11.James M. Harrison, Fitzgeralds Babylon Revisited, in The Explicator, Vol. 16, No. 4, January, 1958, pp. 1, 3. Reprinted in Short Story Criticism, Vol. 31.Matthew J. Bruccolis A Brief Life of Fitzgerald originally appeared in F. Scott Fitzgerald A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with the assistance of Judith S. Baughman (New York Scribners, 1994.) essay reprinted good manners of Simon & Schuster.

James A. Naismith: Creator of Basketball :: Biography

Millions of players of hoops which was created by one man by the name of Dr. crowd together A. Naismith. James Naismith was born around the 1860s. James Naismith created the peppy of hoops in 1891. Dr. James A. Naismith was in truth influential to the sports world through the creation of basketball, building Kansas University basketball tradition, and changing lives of millions of people through the game of basketball.Before the game of basketball James Naismith was unfeignedly influential to the sports world. According to James A. Naismith as a young man, Naismith studied Theology and excelled in various sports. Naismith was always drawn to devotion because he knew he wanted to help others, but his lifes mission became clear to him one day during a football game a football teammate began cursing subsequently a blown play, but then stopped and apologized to Naismith, who was known for his morals. Naismith realized that there might be other ways of doing salubrious besides prophesy and got the idea that he could practice his ministry through sports (1). James Naismith was always thought of as a man known for his morals. According to an term entitled James A. Naismith, Naismith also is credited with inventing the helmet for football players. Which gives better safety to football players(1). The football helmet is truly beneficial to football and sports world. The creation of basketball and earlier the creation of basketball was truly influential to the sports world.Basketball has a huge impact on the sports world. Naismith began to think about a new game that could be played inwardly during the winter. In two weeks, hed come up with the basic concepts that would define the game basket ball to discourage tackling, players would not be able-bodied to run with the ball, but made the game of basketball would was made to pass it the players would have to loft the ball instead of shoot it. In 1891, Naismith was appointed an teacher by Luther Halsey Guli ck, Jr. Head of Physical Education at Springfield. Naismith put sports together such as soccer, American Football, Field hockey game and other sports. Naismith created the game of basket ball for players to play during football and baseball. The game started with two peach baskets, a soccer ball and 13 rules.(Original Rules of Basketball 1) Rains and carpenter said Naismith love the idea that a minimum of a basketball, a basket, and a place to play (52).James A. Naismith Creator of Basketball BiographyMillions of players of basketball which was created by one man by the name of Dr. James A. Naismith. James Naismith was born around the 1860s. James Naismith created the game of basketball in 1891. Dr. James A. Naismith was truly influential to the sports world through the creation of basketball, building Kansas University basketball tradition, and changing lives of millions of people through the game of basketball.Before the game of basketball James Naismith was truly influential to the sports world. According to James A. Naismith as a young man, Naismith studied Theology and excelled in various sports. Naismith was always drawn to religion because he knew he wanted to help others, but his lifes mission became clear to him one day during a football game a football teammate began cursing after a blown play, but then stopped and apologized to Naismith, who was known for his morals. Naismith realized that there might be other ways of doing well besides preaching and got the idea that he could practice his ministry through sports (1). James Naismith was always thought of as a man known for his morals. According to an article entitled James A. Naismith, Naismith also is credited with inventing the helmet for football players. Which gives better safety to football players(1). The football helmet is truly beneficial to football and sports world. The creation of basketball and before the creation of basketball was truly influential to the sports world.Basketball h as a huge impact on the sports world. Naismith began to think about a new game that could be played indoors during the winter. In two weeks, hed come up with the basic concepts that would define the game basket ball to discourage tackling, players would not be able to run with the ball, but made the game of basketball would was made to pass it the players would have to loft the ball instead of shoot it. In 1891, Naismith was appointed an instructor by Luther Halsey Gulick, Jr. Head of Physical Education at Springfield. Naismith put sports together such as soccer, American Football, Field Hockey and other sports. Naismith created the game of basket ball for players to play during football and baseball. The game started with two peach baskets, a soccer ball and 13 rules.(Original Rules of Basketball 1) Rains and Carpenter said Naismith loved the idea that a minimum of a basketball, a basket, and a place to play (52).

Angry and Ignorant: Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College Essay

Ignorance is bliss. The line from Thomas Grays poem, Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College, published in 1747, has lasted throughout the ages due to its omnipresent applicableness. This is especially seen in the publics view on war forrader World fight II. Before pictures and news reports from the World Wars were publicized, the United States home front did not see a problem with going to war. All they had hear from the war was propagandizesuccess. However, some the great unwashed, like poets Carl Sandburg and Nan Braymer, knew the true barbarousness of war. In Buttons and Five Day Requiem for Vietnam, Sandburg and Braymer both use aggressive expression and imagery to portray different approximations Buttons creates a theme that people are often ignorant to things that are unpleasant, and Five Day Requiem for Vietnam creates a theme that loss of control can lead to anger. The aggressive diction in Buttons reflects the attitude towards war during World War I. In this time, pictures and information about the brutality of war were just getting out to the public, but most did not pay attention. Sandburg says the buttons, which represented the soldiers, were shoved around the map, showing that people were ignorant to the trials of war. If the people at home knew what the soldiers were going through for them, they would be more considerate to the buttons. Even the way the map was slammed up onto the board outside the newspaper stand was not showing it the recognition and respect it deserves. Because the people did not understand the unpleasant happenings of World War I, they did not show proper respect to the map and the buttons. Likewise, Braymer uses aggressive diction in Five Day Requiem for Vietnam to express the anger that the fighting soldie... ... devices of imagery and aggressive diction, Sandburg and Braymer both create different themes. Sandburg uses the devices to convey that people are often ignorant to that which is unpleasant to hear, and Br aymer conveys the theme that loss of control can lead to anger. Even though the poems were written about World War I and Vietnam, the themes created are still seen in human nature today. There is always a problem that people choose to ignore instead of functional to improve, and there will always be people lashing out due to manipulation. This reveals how, even with societal developments, human nature will never very change. Works CitedCarl Sandburg Poems - Buttons. Carl Sandburg Poems - Buttons. Andyy Barr Productions, 1998. Web. 04 Nov. 2013.Voices Education Project. Nan Braymer Five Day Requiem for Vietnam. Marilyn Turkovich, n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2013.

Man Is Our True Enemy :: essays research papers

Once someone said Man is our true enemy. And that individual was right. In the modern time (now) the word enemy means A hostile power or force such as a nation. As an example lets take the Middle East nations suck as Iraq. We can also be our own enemy. How? By testing atomic devises or dispose of hazardous materials in the environment suck as potation. Why are we been our own enemy? By trying to develop our selves we extinguish negative effects out of our positive efforts. Example we make fire to warm our selves and to kook our food to be able to survive but in the same time we are killing our planet by the CO2 which is drown out from the fire and which enhances the green house effect which is already in a higher place normal.Another reason is that it is in mans nature to desires more in economical and territorial means. For example a president of a original country would give order to create weapons off mass distraction, which explode at an imaginary force. And he would use th em to slather millions of innocent individuals just to come through his goal. This was proven to us in the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombing. We are also our enemy in our awry day lives. Example Transportation such as shaky vehicles likes cars, motorcycles and airplanes. In fact 40% of all unnatural deaths occur in vehicle accidents. We also harm our self in nourishment by have unhealthy products, which have artificial color and flavor, which result in heart diseases and strokes.Another reason we are our own enemy is because we made our selves weak and solo dependent on technology. For example when the Y2K will come we will to totally unprepared. The water filtration, electricity, gazes, hitting, and bank railroad cars would not work. That means on January 1 2000 we will be left in dark, cold, thirsty and hungry. We would not be able to receive money because computer does the paychecks, and we could not take money from our account because the bank machine would not work.

Man Is Our True Enemy :: essays research papers

Once someone said Man is our true enemy. And that soulfulness was right. In the modern time (now) the word enemy means A hostile power or force such as a nation. As an example lets take the Middle East nations suck as Iraq. We can also be our own enemy. How? By testing thermonuclear devises or dispose of hazardous materials in the environment suck as potation. Why are we been our own enemy? By trying to develop our selves we show negative effects out of our positive efforts. Example we make fire to warm our selves and to kook our food to be able to survive but in the same time we are killing our planet by the CO2 which is drown out from the fire and which enhances the green house effect which is already above normal.Another reason is that it is in mans nature to desires more in economical and territorial means. For example a president of a accredited country would give order to create weapons off mass distraction, which explode at an imaginary force. And he would use them to sl ather millions of innocent individuals just to carry out his goal. This was proven to us in the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombing. We are also our enemy in our awry day lives. Example Transportation such as dangerous vehicles likes cars, motorcycles and airplanes. In fact 40% of all unnatural deaths occur in vehicle accidents. We also harm our self in nourishment by take in unhealthy products, which have artificial color and flavor, which result in heart diseases and strokes.Another reason we are our own enemy is because we made our selves weak and only dependent on technology. For example when the Y2K will come we will to totally unprepared. The water filtration, electricity, gazes, hitting, and bank political machines would not work. That means on January 1 2000 we will be left in dark, cold, thirsty and hungry. We would not be able to receive money because computer does the paychecks, and we could not take money from our account because the bank machine would not work.

Quinceaneras Are Not So Bad

Are Not So Bad Girls always want a big party for that special age, alike when you are fifteen, sixteen, eighteen, and twenty-one. If youre Mexican, then you begin a acquaintance which is when you are fifteen. My whole family is all(a) about that tradition. They like to throw acquaintance parties to any girl that we have in our family. It has been an ongoing culture for years now unless, I almost broke that tradition. I dont like acquaintances even if it is all fancy and pretty. I would kinda go out for a very nice dinner on my fifteenth airhead.My mom had big plans for me and, for my acquaintance. Ever since I was thirteen she would plan all these things for the acquaintance even If It was two years away. She would always ask me what Is my favorite color, what kind of design do I want, and what cake flavor do I like. I would always answer questions but, with sadness because, I rightfully TLD want a acquaintance. I wanted something simple that I really liked Instead. I didnt want to tell my mom that I didnt want a acquaintance because, I was afraid to hurt her feelings, and the culture she has had went throughout her whole family.In acquaintances you have to dancing for your guests with your chameleons, and dams. Chameleons and dams are partners that dance with you in the surprise dance. Dancing is the one thing I hate the most in acquaintances. I am very adult at it, and it makes me nervous and shy to dance In front of a lot of people. I ask my mom If I can skip that at least, but she always tells me that dancing is the most Important part of quince, and It keeps the guests motivated and Interested in the party. She Likes to have her parties big with halls decorated In big decorations, and thats likewise something I hate because I Like impel things.I never understood why having a acquaintance was so important to my family. I asked my mom why was it so important, and she tell, Everyone in your family has had one, including me, and I dont want to stop no w. I really dont want to hurt my mom, or even brake this tradition, so I am deciding to have a acquaintance. I am planning to have it simple, and nice. My mom was a little disappointed because, she already had big plans for the decorations, and the hall, but she said it was okay that I kept it simple, because it is my birthday.I understood that having a acquaintance meant a lot to her, so I wanted to help her feel happy. After I had my acquaintance party, I realized why everyone wanted to have one. The party was really amazing and fun. The hall that I had was really big, and beautiful. Also, the decorations at the party were really pretty and made the hall stand out more. I do regret having a bigger party with more family, and the way mom had planned, but I did enjoy it. I got closer to all of my family members we invited, and brake ever, and the family will all now us by our acquaintance culture.

The Process of an Earthquake

Have you eer wondered what has to happen to make the realm quake? British engineer John Michell did. He was one of the first fathers of seismology and was also the first to correctly state what the cause of creationquakes was. In 1960, Michell noted that earthquakes and the waves of energy that they make ar caused by shifting bulk of rock, miles below the surface in a scientific memoir (USGS, 32). In order for you to completely go through the process of an earthquake you must first understand the process of how an earthquake is deliberate.An earthquake may not be able to be predicted at the moment but the excitement and magnitude of the earthquake sess be measured and categorized. This is done using the Richter magnitude scale. The Richter magnitude scale was developed as a mathematical instrument to comp atomic number 18 the size of earthquakes in 1935 by Charles Francis Richter. He was able to recognize that the unstable waves radiated by all earthquakes hindquarters pro vide good estimates of their magnitude (Richter). A seismograph is what is used to measure the quantity of energy that an earthquake releases as well as the magnitude of the earthquake.It is a logarithmic scale, which means that the numbers on the scale measures factors of 10, so each totally number unit represents a tenfold increase in amplitude. The energy that is measure is about 32 times greater than the next smaller entire number. Using this scale, a magnitude 5 earthquake would result in ten times the level of ground shaking as magnitude 4 earthquakes. Think of it in relation to the energy that is released by explosives. A magnitude 1 seismic wave releases as much energy as blowing up 1 ounce of TNT, which is the equivalent of slamming a large rock onto a table.A magnitude 8 earthquake releases as much energy as detonating 1 million tons of TNT (Richter). An earthquake measuring more than 6. 0 can cause detrimental damage (see fig. 1). The biggest quake in the world since 1 900 scored a 9. 5 on the Richter scale in May of 1960. More than 2,000 people were killed, 3,000 injured, 2,000,000 were left homeless, and there was over $500 million worth of damages to southern Chili (Pararas). Whenever there is an earthquake, the layers of the earth grind past one another causing the ground all rough to rumble and shake, resulting in severe damage.The Earth is forged of four main layers the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust. The crust and the mantle be merely the skin to the earths surface. This skin is dissimilar our skin, though. It consists of many pieces that can slowly move past one another. These puzzle-like pieces are called tectonic plates. The edges of the tectonic plates are known as plate boundaries. Plate boundaries ware many faults with very rough and jagged edges that can get stuck together. The majority of the worlds earthquakes occur on these faults.When the plates continue to try to move, the edges of the plate boundaries violently unstick, resulting in the sudden release of energy in all directions. This energy becomes seismic waves, which act like ripples on a pond. The Earth shakes as these seismic waves move through it, and when the waves rip through the earths surface, the ground and anything on it shakes terribly (USGS, Science). This can be felt for miles away. The longest earthquake ever recorded originated from the center of the Indian Ocean in December of 2004.It was reported as a 9. 5 on the Richter scale after 3 months, and was measured at a whopping 800 miles, which is about the distance from Houston, Texas to Atlanta, Georgia (Longest). It created the biggest gash in the Earths seabed ever. That same earthquake also created awful conditions such as the Tsunami at Sumatra which caused 61 deaths, and $75 million in damages in Hawaii. There are three different oddballs of plate boundaries equal zones, spreading zones, and slipping zones.Furthermore, there are two different kinds of imp act zones. One type is when oceanic crust hits continental crust causing a boundary deduction to happen. With the oceanic crust being denser than the continental crust, it withdraws beneath the continental crust. The oceanic crust then melts as it goes under the continental crusts delinquent to the friction of the crusts rubbing against one another. The pressure of the heat causes the melted rock to rise up through faults in the continental crust. This is what causes a volcano to erupt.Another type of impact zone is where one crust is pushed upwards when two continental crusts collide. Mountain ranges are formed this way. The worlds greatest land atomic reactor range, the Himalaya-Karakorum in Asia is the spawn of two continental crusts colliding (USGS, 11). When two plates are moving apart along mid-ocean ridges, a spreading zone occurs. This is when two tectonic plates are moving away from each other and is forming a new crust from the rising magma that is released from the Eart hs core.An oceanographer at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Seattle lab, Edward T Baker says, A spreading zone can be considered as a linear volcano with vent holes occurring at various points along its go crest. (Raloff). Earths mid-ocean ridge is one near-continuous zone of spreading seafloor. When one plate grinds past another plate it is known as a slipping zone. Slips along the faults in the crust allow stress from the grinding to be released. These fault slips are what cause earthquakes. Just when you might believe that an earthquake is over, you could be mistaken.Earthquakes are capable of having aftershocks that can last several years. The New Madrid fault quake of December 16, 1811 in the joined States had reported ground shaking for 24 hours. Occasional severe shaking and disruptions lasted for weeks and aftershocks were felt up until 1817 (USGS, Historic). An aftershock is a smaller earthquake that happens in the same area of the original earthquake. As the crust around the displaced fault plane adjusts to the changes that occurred, aftershocks will follow, until the Earth has settled back in place.The final piece of the process of an earthquake is the aftermath. The aftermath is the devastation that an earthquake or any other type of disaster can leave in its wake. When the ground ruptures from the shaking caused by an earthquake, it can result in damage to bridges, dams, roads, hale tracks, and the foundation of buildings. They can also cause landslides and avalanches as well. Another major cause of damage is when power lines are ripped down and gas lines rupture this can most likely cause fires.Also, soil liquefaction is very common in earthquakes. It occurs when water-saturated granular material, like sand, momentarily loses its strength and turns from a solid to a liquid. In the 1964 Alaskan earthquake soil liquefaction was the cause of many buildings and bridges sinking to the ground, gradually collapsing upon one anothe r (Dubner). Even undersea earthquakes can create tsunamis that hand the possibility to cause extreme damage along the coast. 75 million Americans are in significant danger of being a victim to an earthquake.According to the United States Geological Survey, there have been over 2 million deaths attributed to earthquakes since 1900. The USGS pinpoints 20,000 earthquakes a year that is about 50 earthquakes a day (USGS, Earthquakes). In conclusion, the movement of the earths crust has shaped the earth for hundreds of millions of years, moving the sharp and stony edges over, under, and past one another. Sometimes the movements and the release of energy caused by an earthquake are smooth and gradual other times, the plates stay locked together.That is when the stockpiled energy that has been storing in between the plates grows strong enough to break apart. That is what makes the earthquake. The Richter scale can tell us the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake but cannot predict one. Works Cited The Longest EarthQuake Ever Recorded. World Most RSS. N. p. , 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. Pararas-Caryannis, George. Index. html. Index. html. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. Richter Scale. Science in the Early Twentieth Century An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO, 2005. Credo Reference. 0 June 2008. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. Raloff, Janet. Pearson Science News. Pearson Science News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. United States Geological Survey. Earthquake Facts. N. p. , 24 July 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. cable length 32 United States Geological Survey. Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900. N. p. , 30 Nov. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. United States Geological Survey. Historic Earthquakes. N. p. , 01 Nov. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. United States Geological Survey. The Science of Earthquakes. By Lisa Wald. N. p. , 24 July 2012. Web. 09 Apr. 2013.

Application of ICT in Classrooms in Rural Area

This survey aims at placing the jobs faced by school in Jada local G all overnment field of view ( LGA ) . The quality of charge in schools in the rustic country is less compargond to the quality of cultivation in the urban centres. A study and an audience were conducted in order to, pop what the jobs ar. From the importations, the undermentioned jobs were identify deprivation of substructure, low quality of instruction, unqualified instructors and deficiency of financess to keep the school. As consequences of these jobs the pupils in such schools are neglecting there outside scrutinies therefore they do nt acquire admittances into universities conveying a halt to their instruction. This paper suggests the execution of development and communicating engineer ( ICT ) to melt d feature out the jobs faced by the School in Jada with the aid of the politics and mystic organisations.IntroductionEducation is a real of import facet in the development of a state. An educated pe rson rotter carry through so much for himself and his state. Education empowers the great unwashed to follow their dreams, to do alterations in their works and the lives of an opposite(prenominal)s. In an article published in Onlinenigeria the missionaries fore close introduced instruction to Nigeria in the fiftiess. The first instruction section established was in the southern Nigeria in the twelvemonth 1887 ( Education, 2010 ) . Ibadin a professor in University of Benin mentioned that between 1960 and 1998, old and auxiliary winding school registration increased from 2,912,619 to 17,942,000 or 516 per centum rate addition ( 2010, p.87 ) . This shows the fast turning calculate of educational institutes in Nigeria. Both artless and urban countries reserve turning Numberss of educational institute. Despite the addition, the educational position in homespun countries is much less compared to that in urban centres, it is just to state that instruction in rural countries dis combobulate non yet run into the needed educational criterion. For illustration, the quality of instruction in urban topographic points like Jimeta in Adamawa province is more than(prenominal) than that of rural topographic points like Jada Local Government region. The public presentation of school in Nigeria is measured by how total they do in external scrutinies. Schools in Jimeta are executing much more than schools in Jada.The schools in the rural countries halt unqualified instructors. Furthermore, the government activity merely concentrates on the urban countries art object pretermiting the rural countries. Because of this carelessness, the rural schools do non hold the necessary substructure in do a good acquisition and healthy environment. The execution of information engineering would advocate in developing the educational criterion in rural countries.MethodologyThe range of this research was ground on Jada Local Government Area and Jimeta in Adamawa province. The methods used in garnering information were, interviews, studies and internet research. Thirty people answered the study, 15 from Jimeta and 15 from Jada Local Government Area. Two people were interviewed the local authorities president of Jada and a instructor from Jada secondary school.Consequences of FindingssThe study was in two subdivisions. The first subdivision focused on the condition/state of the school, while the former(a) subdivision focused on how m each people harbour entree to computing form and in what ways has the computing form affected them. to the highest degree of the people in Jimeta agreed with the fact that there are good qualified instructors and the acquisition environment is a healthy 1. The entire antonym was the consequence in Jada, from the study it showed that the schools in Jada local Government do non hold adequate tabular arraies and chairs, text editions are out dated and they lack other check offing stuffs.From the consequence above it did no n come as a daze that merely 5 per centum of the people who took the study knew what a computing machine was. In tag on, from that 5 per centum none of them own or prevail used a computing machine before. They have no thought, that the usage of computing machine female genital organ help them to be more efficient in their work. The contrary was the instance for the people surveyed in Jimeta 85 per centum have used a computing machine before and 60 per centum have entree to a computing machine. From the 60 per centum that have entree to the computing machine all agreed that it has made their work less feverish and it has as well as made them more efficient.In an Interview with the Chairman of Jada Alhaji Usman Bamanga mentioned that the ratio of instructors to pupils is 1 to 70, which is really bad. In add-on to that, he as well tell that the instructors are largely unqualified. The Chairman in like way of life stated that most of the times you would happen pupils seated on the floor because there are no tabular arraies and chairs in the schoolrooms. Furthermore, most of the text editions available are outdated and the instructors are the lone people who have entree to them. When asked if there are any computing machines available in the school, the president said In a topographic point where there are no chairs for the pupils to sit on, do you anticipate them to hold computing machines. The merely available computing machine in this topographic point is in my office. Harmonizing to the president, the ground why the school is in a really bad status is because the authorities do non go forth plenty support to instruction in rural countries. The sum of money provided by the authorities merely helps pay the wages of the instructors and the school rouse non afford to leverage other larning stuffs needed for necessitateing. In add-on, the sum paid by the pupils for their tuition fees is really undistinguished compared to the financess need to upgrade the criterion of the school.Interview with the instructor a instructor from the school was picked because he would cognize more more or less the jobs traveling on in the school. One of his major concerns among few others was, the pupils do non like coming to school and that the parents are non making anything about the state of affairs. In add-on, so far if they are in school the pupil happen it difficult to concentrate in category because of the conditions of the schoolroom. The instructors besides complained that the figure of pupils in the category, he pointed out that he can non separate the chopper pupils and those that need excess attending. Those that needed the excess attending would stop up non larning anything at the terminal of the session. He besides complained that most of the time the school does non deliver them with larning stuff. For illustration, sometimes the instructors use their ain money to purchase chalks and other composing stuffs in order to learn thei r category while in some state of affairs when the instructors do non purchase the stuffs larning does non happen. troubles Faced by Classrooms in Jada Local Government AreaFrom the study and interviews conducted, it is clear that schools in the rural country are confronting so more jobs. These jobs areLow figure of schools in the country as motioned above, there is merely one school in Jada available to the population of 1000 pupils in the country. Because of that, the categories are overcrowded doing it impossible for the instructor to command the pupils. If there are alike many people in a room with hapless hygiene, this makes it easier for the spread of diseases. In add-on, in a category where there are about 70 people in a room, would do it easier for the spread of diseases. In an article published by the World Resources Institute it stated that Overcrowding and insanitary family conditions favor the transmittal of the disease, which is spread by droplets from a spit up o r a sneezing or common custodies ( Airborne, 1999, P. 4 ) . Furthermore, excessively many pupils to a instructor, causes larning to be limited to little figure of pupils. The higher the figure of pupils in a category the more hard it would be for the instructor to command the category. With a crowded schoolroom, it would be hard for the pupils to be attentive. The crowd would besides increase noise doing deflecting other pupils ready to larn.A nonher, job faced by this school is the quality of instruction given to them. Most of the instructors in the school are unqualified they can non be accepted by other urban school so they come to the rural countries where they have no pick simply to use them. The rural schools such as the one in Jada have no pick because they do non hold the money to pay for qualified instructors. The deficiency of qualified instructors has affected the public presentation of the school in external scrutinies such as Western African Examinations Council ( WAE C ) , and the National Examinations Council ( NECO ) .Supporting this statement is Vincent.O.Ibadin give tongue to thataaathe ultimate quality of instruction is determined by the instructor, as he transmits the value of instruction to the pupil. In line with this, Merton ( 1957 ) in a paper titled The Self Fulfilling Prophecy , pointed out that, a instructor s outlook can and does rather literally affect a pupil s academic public presentation. Similarly, Aghenta ( 199844 ) emphasized that, what the instructor does and how he does it are of import in the finding of quality of instruction. The instructor is every bit of import in the finding of measure of instruction. Hence, possibly the National Policy on Education ( FGN, 200439 ) . ( 2010, p.89 )The quotation mark above shows how the making of a instructor has a batch to make with the public presentation of their pupils.As a consequence of unqualified instructors, the pupils do highly hapless in external scrutinies, and becau se of their public presentation, they do nt acquire admittances into third establishments. The pupils therefore end up remaining at place making what their grandparents have been making, taking them keystone to where they approached. This discourages the parent from seting their kids into schools and it encourages the figure of dropouts in schools. They smell out that instruction is a waste of clip they instead send their kids to work and lend to the household income.In add-on to all the jobs, the school does non acquire adequate money to run the schools. The environment in which the pupils survey is really bad, the school does non hold adequate money to purchase up-to-date text editions and other substructures such as tabular arraies.How ICT Can Help Solve the Problem.The execution of computing machines and the proviso of cyberspace installation would assist work out some of the jobs faced by Jada secondary school.The job of outdate information and text edition With computing m achines and the cyberspace, the instructors and pupils can hold entree to information they need. The demand to purchase a text edition is non necessary. There are so many e-books, e-libraries and so much more out at that place that are free and unfastened for the populace to utilize.Distraction doing larning to be limited to few Numberss of pupils The computing machine can assist pull the attending of the pupils. For illustration, in a category where there are three people to a computing machine, their attending would be on what is on the computing machine, ( the computing machine here is like a mini instructor to them ) . The computing machine provides a fun manner of acquisition, through educational games and multimedia, this makes the pupils to be excited and unstrained to larn more. The article Computers in the Classroom How Information Technology can Better Conversation Education, it acknowledged that It is possible to do a talk more piquant and entertaining by utilizing the presentation tools available to us with computing machines and associated package ( 2003, P. 2 ) . Unqualified instructors The instructors can foster their instruction by inscribing in universities that offer on-line grades. They can besides educate themselves with resources out at that place and happen out what is new and erudition techniques that would assist them in their instruction.Problem of pupils dropping out When ICT is implemented in the school it would function as a incentive for larning to the pupils. The pupils would be testamenting to come to school and larn about what is go oning in the universe. Implementing ICT can assist upgrade their external scrutiny consequences, which would acquire them admittance into the university. This would in bend encourage parent to set their kids in school, because they can now see advancement.Quality of instruction To sum up how information and communicating engineering can work out the jobs of Jada secondary school, it would in the procedure addition the quality of instruction of the school. Harmonizing to the curate of instruction he stated that vitamin E acquisition could assist work out, the job the state s instruction is confronting ( Sam ) .Government Roles in Solving the ProblemsFor the job of unqualified instructors, authorities policies should be implemented to guarantee that merely qualified staffs are sedulous to learn. In add-on, those instructors that are already in the school system should travel back to school to foster their instruction to the criterion required. Government can besides put a policy to turn to the issue of overcrowding. A policy can be created that states A instructor should hold non more than 40 pupils in a schoolroom. When the execution of these policies is successful, it would turn to the issues of overcrowding and unqualified instructors learning in rural schools.The last and the most of import job is the issue of money, which generated most of the jobs. As identified by t he president of Jada Local Government, the fund given by the authorities does non supply the basic demands needed to run the school. The authorities should concentrate on instruction in the rural countries as they do the urban countries. The authorities can non be the lone beginning of financess for the school there are other private persons and organisations that are bequeathing to supply the aid. An illustration of a non-profit organisation aimed at assisting schools in Nigeria is SchoolNet Nigeria is a non-profit administration created to turn to the usage of ICT in Nigerian secondary schools with the support of several authorities ministries. ( Agyeman, 2007, p.6 ) DecisionIn decision, when ICT is implemented in Jada secondary school it would upgrade the criterion of instruction in that country. The alterations would non merely be limited to the school and its pupils but to the hereafter of Jada Local Government Area. The pupils would come out with consequences that would ta ke them to any university in the state and compete with other schools in the urban countries. The kids Jada Local Area would hold control of what they want to be in the hereafter. As instruction makes you who are and what you neer believing you can go. If this is excessively be successful in every rural country in Nigeria so the jobs of Nigeria are solvedApplication of Ict in Classrooms in Rural AreaThis project is focused in implementing ICT in rural field, and the case study is on fufore local government in Yola. As we all know rural areas in Nigeria lack quality and basic education, when you talk about education in rural area what comes to our head is low standard of learning, poor education, not well equipped class rooms for students education or lack of proper infrastructure suitable for education.An article defined rural education as There is little dispute that basic education1often characterized as the reading, math, and other skills and knowledge taught in the first four y ears of primary quill schoolis critical to economic and social development. Without basic skills, according to one definition, a person cannot comprehend the instructions on a bottle of medicine or a bag of fertilizer or read a government notice. Neither can the person compute a bill or write a letter.Without basic skills, it is impossible to develop ones potential or to contribute in anything more than a rudimentary manner to society (Greaney, 1999). (Moulton, 2001) Fufore Local Government is settled area in the southern part of Adamawa with five major languages known as Fulani (largest), Bata, Verre, Laka and Pere, it consist of 1500 people that live there, most of them engage in cattle rearing, poultry, farming etc.When i went to observe these schools i noticed there were at least 300 children that went to twain glasshouse and secondary schools, but the problem is they lack facilities that will make these students feel they are learning which makes some students even drop out of schools and start engaging in house work activities. This project focuses on schools in fufore that need ICT services to improve students knowledge and ability to learn in order for these schools to have personify education as the students in urban schools, if students in the rural area are not given equal education as students in the urban area there is a result of inequality.Unequal tools in an unequal environment create unequal results (Ukpe, 2010). effectuation/ Application of ICT in class rooms in rural area is going to benefit the society as a whole, and both the teachers and students. It goes a vast way to help the society, because when students start victimization ICT in classrooms some of their friends at home will in any case find it interesting this will make them as well as want to start schooling and know what school is about.This study will also be used as a case study to many parts of rural areas in Nigeria, making them aware of how value ICT is in our genera tion and also making these local students to fit into any schools they find themselves in in urban schools because this implementation of ICT will not only make these students concentrate on just ready reckoner and information studies they will also learn how to apply the knowledge in their various courses. MethodologyIn order to have reasons for the implementation of ICT in classrooms, i will have to compare this primary/secondary schools in rural area with the once in urban. The methods i used are personal observation, interview and online research (internet). We can see most urban schools have well functioned classrooms with well equipped IT services such as using projectors in class rooms, computers, wireless LANs, File answerment using databases. In order to convince these organisations we have to state the reasons why we think ICT is important for these locals in rural area.Just looking at an example of an urban schools such as Abti Academy in Yola, Capital science in kuje, El-Amin International school in Minna we can see they all have what it takes for them to have a well knowledge of what IT is all about, they do class interactions, they submit their works in timely manner especially the senior students, it broadens their minds which they can bear upon to other courses and apply them when necessary, The students have full access to the lab to do research, take courses in computer education, type documents and gather information on pertinent topics for their coursework and from every observation i noticed that schools in the urban area have high rankings in their external and internal exams such as scoff exams, WEAC exams .In order to know what is really the problem of these schools towards their lack of ICT knowledge an interview was taken with most principals in these rural schools shown below. 1. Do you know what a computer is? 2. Do you intend to learn how to use it and do you intend to teach these students if you have the chance to? 3. Do you own a computer? And do you know how to surf on the internet with it? 4. What do you think about implementing ICT in classrooms? 5. How do you think it will affect the students? Interview Summary ResultsThe interview was conducted with three different principals of three different areas in fufore, but all their answers were closely the same. They stated theyve had an experience using a computer, that it would be great to have such an opportunity to use computers and other IT services in their schools, it will surely help the students and enlighten them about what the gentlemans gentleman is all about now. They stated that theyve all being provided by the school with just one computer and an internet connection, and in a rural place like fufore I retrieve there is a limited amount of power supply which makes it even more difficult to use this computer by anyone.They stated students in their area are in need of ICT in classrooms in order to making statement easier for both the teach ers and students, they also have a problem with their teachers who dont acquire computer skills, it will be difficult for them to teach and guide these students through. ICT will greatly affect and have a positive influence on these students, they will have an opportunity to be going for national competitions because these services will not only improve them in one area, they will also have the ability to speak proper and fluent English, they can also learn how to type by doing their course works on their computers and doing research on the internet which will even help the senior students in history classes. They also mentioned that students in this area are always willing to learn, so it wint be a problem for them to get used to it.Development and Implementation of ICT in class rooms in rural area Fufore LGA by ICT in rural schools it will expand the access to students education, now that technology is one of the things that help us develop in this world. So we have to make the rural schools aware of that which will greatly affect both the students and their lectures, it will also make them aware of what is happening in our world today (News) by browsing on the internet, also help them improve interactions in terms of video conferencing and distance learning through video conferencing it will enable to share ideas and know about other courses that are not offered in the school.ICT is an extensively strong technology for extending and expanding educational opportunities in formal and folksy ways, in this case rural schools. ICT is a technological development that reflects the new society and has its place deep down education. However, as with many new initiatives, ICT obviously has its problems that over time will be addressed. Meantime, ICT should continue to be promoted to assist with education and learning. I will heartedly agree with anyone who states that ICT is a valuable tool for both teaching and learning speaking as someone who got the last less ons plan for my teaching from the Internet- but I cant help feeling that the emphasis on the use of ICT detracts from other current sexy education issue socialisation.I believe that developing teachers social and counselling technique is a greater precedence than their ICT skill (Sime & Mark, 2005). Access to remote learning resources when this implementation is done, with the use of internet, teachers and students will no longer have to depend on textbooks for learning or even buy them due to how expensive they can be, they teachers can just find textbooks on the net and direct the students to access them too. With the use of Internet services you will find a means of learning materials or tools in almost every subject and can be accessed every day at anytime and also by unlimited number of people that can use it. This is significant for many schools in developing countries.Students will have control towards self learning For example, teachers can just give a research paper as an assessment for the students, during that research they also learn a lot through searching and browsing different articles. This also broadens their minds to also think fast, observe the situation of the research, allowing their minds to take over and have control of what they are doing and also making their own opinions and what they think. Motivation to learn the use of multimedia computer software that include sound effects, pictures can be used in learning process for people in rural areas, also as interactive radios and other performance. This will motivate the locals to learn because its new to them and then i believe that some locals tend to understand pictures or graphics rather than reading them that way they understand better.Use of modern teaching tools in rural areas they still have an old way of teaching their students some dont even have notebooks, or other writing materials. Through ICT, students can learn how to manage their files on computers rather than writing not es in their notebooks, also teachers have PowerPoint to present to the class by that they can just write short notes on what the teacher is talking about. In order to improve the school from my own point of view it needs these requirements for students to have a basic idea of ICT is about.1. Provision of hardware resources for internet connectivity such as WAN, LAN, MAN. 2. Software packages for learning or academic related CDs which they can install in their computers to improve self learning. 3.Television for the nursery school students because children in nursery school learn faster with images rather than using books, and Projectors for the primary and secondary students. 4. A well functional and equipped computer that contains at least 15 computers. 5. Power supply via solar energy, because electricity isnt that reliable and effective in rural areas, and besides this implementation is based in fufore which is always sunny every day.So solar would be a good source of electricit y. These implementations can be done with the help of private organisations and even the government, we all know nothing is free these organisations can get profit out of this successful implementation and project. They will keep implementing ICT and improving other schools in this area.Since i noted that not all teachers have enough computer skills to handle the students learning or to control these equipments, the organisations also have to supply the schools with well trained teachers/experts to show them how to take care of things just for some time. This is an expensive and vital project due to many resources that are needed, power supply because without power supply these resources are just going to end up being there without no one using it and also this is the future of our children to enlightened them and making them have a knowledge of IT, making them have the same and equal education the urban schools are having so they wont feel left out.After these resources have been implemented and are already in use, in observation we are going to experience and expect these changes in the schools The students should have the ability to think as fast and be smart like the students in urban schools and also their results will likely match up. An increase in the students that will enrol in schools because most students in rural areas dont really care about education, some are drop outs and with a new system it will motivate them to also learn like their friends. Will be able to compete in national competitions with other schools. bonk how to use these ICT services provided to them and also apply them when necessary Conclusion From all observations we can see how value education is and rural education cannot be compared to the urban because they have more experience in ICT than the locals have.ICT in class rooms has a lot of advantages and benefits to our occasional life now, makes students acquire skills, skills that will take them to the following level, skills that will improve their way of thinking and will also change their lives because after school they can go to these urban areas and get a good job instead of staying in their area and doing the basic occupation such as farming.Technology is part of our world now and its used in our daily activities, with the aid ICT in class rooms they will have access to distance learning which will enhance their learning skills and ability, not only within the class room but globally or worldwide. In order for these students to be equal with students from other developed schools, they need to be given a chance they need to be given the opportunities that are being given to the more fortunate schools/students. Nigerian Government, private organisations and private sources have to come unneurotic to make this possible for our generation and also to help the nation.

Genetically modified organism

Good afternoon Ladles and Gentlemen. Today, the topic for our debate is on whether the benefits of transgenic species surmount the ethical considerations. We, the negative team, believe that this statement is false. The rootage affirmative speaker has tried to tell you that transgenic nominate species be a revolutionary new room to produce crops with dramatically Increasing comports and as a result, this will Increase the farmlands productivity. However, this Is wrong.In fact, as evidence suggests, the introduction of transgenic crops are doing very puny to increase boilersuit crop yields. The second affirmative speaker speak to you on how transgenic physicals provides a shortcut to the development of animals that set out many desired traits and its products can be benefits of mankind. Examples imply animals such as transgenic pigs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and awe that produce better milk. In our defense, animals do have their own rights.The creation of transgen ic animals is morally wrong and the yen-run effect on them and their consumers are questionable. Finally, the third and terminal speaker from the affirmative team make a point on how rearranges species will herald a new era of food production, Improving animal food quality and productivity. They may not be natural, but not everything natural Is good for us and not everything unnatural is bad for us. She argued that genetically limited foods have been on the market since 1996, we would live on by forthwith if they were an immediate health threat.However, this is wrong, Just because you dont know of a problem, who is there to say that it doesnt exist? virtually transgenic products are still yet to be tested for safety and it may be most of these that are ending up In our grocery carts without us even knowing. From this, we can also see that more and more possible health risks associated with transgenic species are head start to intend. First let us examine iodine of our case studies. The transgenic plant MOON 810 corn. This is a genetically modified crop developed by an American agricultural biotechnology corporation Monsanto.Bacillus Thirstiness, a bacteria which produces the BET toxin poisonous to insects, Is Inserted as a gene Into the DNA of MOON 81 0 corns. This plant has been purposely modified to combat crop leaving due to Insects and Is now rowan on a large collection plate in USA. Despite it having been claimed that the insecticide will cause no harm to humanity consumers, However there is compelling evidence that shows the rates of chronic diseases have been increase drastically since transgenic species products were introduced to in the public eye(predicate) in USA.The chart on this slide show increase in Inflammation rate, such as chronic constipation, gastrointestinal reflux, In April 2009, the Federal top executive of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of the German political science suspended the approval and banned the cultivatio n of any ore MAMMON maize. It also got banned in other countries almost the world including Austria, Greece and France. Since July 12th its cultivation has been banned in Italy, in reaction to a scientific report sent out by the Italian bucolic Research Council.Another example of a transgenic species is cows be treated with a genetically engineered form of Bovine assimilation, also known as BIG. BIG is a peptide hormone produced by cows that is shown to have kept their metabolic processes regulated, increased their milk yield and beef growth. Yet, while this is all happening, his was also slowly cleanup position the cow. In 1937, the administration of BIG was shown to be increasing the milk yield in lactating cows. Until the sass, there was a very limited use of the heighten in agriculture and during this time also, the knowledge of the twist and function of the hormone increased.Later, the gene had been separated, purified and was now being applied to cow through genetic eng ineering. Since then, it has been immersed in controversy and parts of the concerns were in regards to the potential do this has on the animals health. A 1991 report by Rural Vermont revealed that BIG cows were suffering from serious health problems, including an alarming rise in the number of change calves and in mastitis, a painful bacterial infection of the udder that causes inflammation.Milk taken from these cows also now contained higher levels of GIF-I (Insulin Growth Factor-I). Although we, humans, naturally have GIF-I, delegate levels of it have been linked to the diagnosis of colon and breast cancer. Although there has been no direct connection made as yet between the two, some scientists have expressed concern ever the possibility of this relationship. Our first base speaker r to you about how transgenic developed plants contains genes that have been artificially introduced into the plants genetic makeup through several(prenominal) biotechnology techniques.It is highl y questionable if Monsanto did, in fact, deliver the crops as they had claimed according to Doug Guarani-grandfathers book Failure to yield. After more than 20 years of look into and 13 years of commercialisms in the United States, it can be concluded that transgenic species crops have done little o increase overall crop yields. A report by researchers from the University of Wisconsin also suggest to us that transgenic developed plants have still a long way from generating higher crop yields with fewer inputs. Our first speaker also spoke that one of the major factors that led to an estimated 125,000 cotton farmers taking their own brio was that of transgenic cotton failing to yield. Our second speaker spoke to you about the ethical issues of animal rights and any value they have to humans and a right to be free of human use, cruelty, confinement and use. She also say that biotechnology could be bad for animals with them possibly suffering from painful side effects.These include animals such as the broiler chicken, which are being bred to grow too warm for their legs to support their way, causing them discomfort. Since The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin was published in 1859, we are gradually starting to view life better and better. His theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the best-substantiated theories in the history of science, having been supported by evidence from a gigantic variety of scientific disciplines. Since then, many scientists have contributed to the baring and understanding of the structure of DNA.The development of powerful laboratory techniques, most of which came in after 1970, have enabled us to study and make genes that have the potential to bowdlerize the path of evolution. While we celebrate our achievements on the advancement in scientific understanding and technology, we should ask our selves if we should manipulate the genes of species Just because it can be done. So Ladies and Gentlemen, in conclusion, we believe the ethical considerations outweigh the benefits of transgenic species especially in a commercial or massive scale to produce food.Genetically modified organismGood afternoon Ladles and Gentlemen. Today, the topic for our debate is on whether the benefits of transgenic species outweigh the ethical considerations. We, the negative team, believe that this statement is false. The first affirmative speaker has tried to tell you that transgenic plant species are a revolutionary new way to produce crops with dramatically Increasing yields and as a result, this will Increase the farmlands productivity. However, this Is wrong.In fact, as evidence suggests, the introduction of transgenic crops are doing very little to increase overall crop yields. The second affirmative speaker spoke to you on how transgenic animals provides a shortcut to the development of animals that have many desired traits and its products can be benefits of mankind. Examples Include animals such as transgenic pigs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and cows that produce better milk. In our defense, animals do have their own rights.The creation of transgenic animals is morally wrong and the long-term effect on them and their consumers are questionable. Finally, the third and final speaker from the affirmative team made a point on how rearranges species will herald a new era of food production, Improving animal food quality and productivity. They may not be natural, but not everything natural Is good for us and not everything unnatural is bad for us. She argued that genetically modified foods have been on the market since 1996, we would know by now if they were an immediate health threat.However, this is wrong, Just because you dont know of a problem, who is there to say that it doesnt exist? Most transgenic products are still yet to be tested for safety and it may be most of these that are ending up In our grocery carts without us even knowing. From this, we can also see that more and more possible health risks associated with transgenic species are starting to show. First let us examine one of our case studies. The transgenic plant MOON 810 corn. This is a genetically modified crop developed by an American agricultural biotechnology corporation Monsanto.Bacillus Thirstiness, a bacterium which produces the BET toxin poisonous to insects, Is Inserted as a gene Into the DNA of MOON 81 0 corns. This plant has been purposely modified to combat crop loss due to Insects and Is now rowan on a large scale in USA. Despite it having been claimed that the insecticide will cause no harm to human consumers, However there is compelling evidence that shows the rates of chronic diseases have been increasing drastically since transgenic species products were introduced to public in USA.The chart on this slide show increase in Inflammation rate, such as chronic constipation, gastrointestinal reflux, In April 2009, the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of the German government suspended the approval and banned the cultivation of any ore MAMMON maize. It also got banned in other countries around the world including Austria, Greece and France. Since July 12th its cultivation has been banned in Italy, in reaction to a scientific report sent out by the Italian Agricultural Research Council.Another example of a transgenic species is cows being treated with a genetically engineered form of Bovine assimilation, also known as BIG. BIG is a peptide hormone produced by cows that is shown to have kept their metabolic processes regulated, increased their milk yield and beef growth. Yet, while this is all happening, his was also slowly killing the cow. In 1937, the administration of BIG was shown to be increasing the milk yield in lactating cows. Until the sass, there was a very limited use of the compound in agriculture and during this time also, the knowledge of the structure and function of the hormone increased.Later, the gene had been separated, purif ied and was now being applied to cow through genetic engineering. Since then, it has been immersed in controversy and parts of the concerns were in regards to the potential effects this has on the animals health. A 1991 report by Rural Vermont revealed that BIG cows were suffering from serious health problems, including an alarming rise in the number of deformed calves and in mastitis, a painful bacterial infection of the udder that causes inflammation.Milk taken from these cows also now contained higher levels of GIF-I (Insulin Growth Factor-I). Although we, humans, naturally have GIF-I, elevated levels of it have been linked to the diagnosis of colon and breast cancer. Although there has been no direct connection made as yet between the two, some scientists have expressed concern ever the possibility of this relationship. Our first speaker spoke to you about how transgenic developed plants contains genes that have been artificially introduced into the plants genetic makeup through several biotechnology techniques.It is highly questionable if Monsanto did, in fact, deliver the crops as they had claimed according to Doug Guarani-grandfathers book Failure to yield. After more than 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialisms in the United States, it can be concluded that transgenic species crops have done little o increase overall crop yields. A report by researchers from the University of Wisconsin also suggest to us that transgenic developed plants have still a long way from generating higher crop yields with fewer inputs. Our first speaker also spoke that one of the major factors that led to an estimated 125,000 cotton farmers taking their own life was that of transgenic cotton failing to yield. Our second speaker spoke to you about the ethical issues of animal rights and any value they have to humans and a right to be free of human use, cruelty, confinement and use. She also stated that biotechnology could be bad for animals with them possibly suffer ing from painful side effects.These include animals such as the broiler chicken, which are being bred to grow too fast for their legs to support their way, causing them discomfort. Since The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin was published in 1859, we are gradually starting to understand life better and better. His theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the best-substantiated theories in the history of science, having been supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines. Since then, many scientists have contributed to the discovery and understanding of the structure of DNA.The development of powerful laboratory techniques, most of which came in after 1970, have enabled us to study and manipulate genes that have the potential to alter the path of evolution. While we celebrate our achievements on the advancement in scientific understanding and technology, we should ask our selves if we should manipulate the genes of species Just because it can be done. So Ladies and Gentlemen, in conclusion, we believe the ethical considerations outweigh the benefits of transgenic species especially in a commercial or massive scale to produce food.

The Effects of Working Overseas of Filipino Parents

THE EFFECTS OF WORKING OVERSEAS OF FILIPINO PARENTS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THEIR CHILDREN by Pascual, Kristelle D. bound 21, 2012 Introduction As experienced by many Filipino children like me nowadays, separation from one of our p argonnts results to a very great impact in our lives. hostile any other children with some(prenominal) produces present at home, raising us up fills more effort and c beful attention since that on that point is precisely one attending parent.The temporary single parent at home must fox the ability to handle things very wellfrom raising children up to the accomplishing of household chores, and even to the budgeting of resources, like money and time. Fortunately, as for me who do witnessed such, I toilette say that my mother did very well in handling these tasks, considering in that respect are three of us she had to take care of. The schoolman carrying into action of children is affected when one of their parents, especi each(prenominal )y when both, are working overseas. These effects are scarcely the manifestations of the situation families film when one parent or the parents, is/are not present at home.This paper aims to provide the effects that are observable and few of their psychological factors. The Filipino Family Setting Families provide social and randy supports that help family members negociate with crisesBut perhaps the most widely recognized and universal manoeuvers of the family are the care erect-looking and training that parents and other family members provide for their young. (Shaffer, 1999, 558) Filipino families have great values, which up to now are still present. They are known to place a great importance to family, because one of the most weighty and intimate relationships among humans is that between parent and child.It is important especially for the child because it makes him feel adept ab come off life and molds his future (Bigner, 1989). This is the reason why in the Philip pines, they have extended families. Since that family members go really close to one another, they have a embarrassing time letting go of a family member when he needs to tolerate home during the time he decides to build his own family. Furthermore, in the Spanish colonial period, only manpower were sent to school to l crystalize, and women were to stay at home to do domestic things, like household chores.It is in the history that women do not have the right to learn because they are probably designed to be housewives, and they need to focus on that. Men, on the other hand, study so that in the future, they could earn a living for their family. As a very influential culture imposed by the Spaniards, this, until now, has been an ideal Filipino family traditionmen are to work, women are to stay at home. Labor Migration Nevertheless, today, because of the financial instabilities Filipino families face today, they are forced to send an able-bodied member to work and earn a living fo r them.In addition, with a great number of Filipinos sent everyday to different countries around the world, a single Filipino family also suffers from temporary press release of a family member each day (Parrenas, 2006). Labor migration has invariably been the first choice of families in need of more financial support so as a result, separation normally happens every day in the Philippines, which leads to various effects in the behavior of family members, especially to children. One example is its effect to their academic performance.In the modern nuclear family, usually, fathers work abroadwhich proves that the tradition above is somewhat still alive. They fulfill their duty as the good providers of the family while as for the mothers, they do the traditional household responsibilities by putting all of their energy into meeting the daily needs of the family. However, because of this work division of parents, children crave for emotional guidance advance from their father. Howev er, since a gap develops through the course of time (embarrassment), it prevents them from expressing this desire.This is according to Rhazel S. Parrenas who wrote the book, Children of Global Migration (2006). Mothers rarely go outside of the country to look for work opportunities without being driven by the deep necessity of the family financially, or else, the children are more likely to question their motives (Parrenas, 2006). The only time that mothers pursue working overseas must be when they badly need money to support the family that both of the parents must go, the father is incapable of working, or the mother is a single parent.The Situation of Family Members after(prenominal) Separation As an effect of the economic problem, parents, mostly fathers, choose to work abroad to support the needs of their family. Therefore, in every decision made, there is always separation afterwards, and it always, has an effect on the family members On the Migrant parent The decision is t he first hard thing to do. Leaving the family means missing important events and giving up being in the actual growing up of his/her children. It requires absence to meeting the daily emotional needs of the family.Furthermore, the hardest is when this parent encounters problemsmay it be in health, financial, or workhe/she has to face them alone. The person has to be strong emotionally especially when feeling homesick. The parent should focus also on the end of meeting the needs of his/her family, so that his/her convictions allow for not sway when distractions come on his /her family. On the Non-migrant parent The pressure of raising the children alone is passed on to the non-migrant parent. Fulfilling both duties of a mother and father is difficult and strenuous at the same time.In addition, the parent suffers from emotional struggle from being separated with his/her spouse. Like the other parent, he/she experiences distractions. However, the weight is doubled, because this pare nt needs to show a strong personality and firm stance on the situation while at the same time, doing all of his/her duties at home, and/or sometimes working part time to support the family more. On the Children Children growing without one of the parents or both of them can result in different responses from children. They can respond positively or negatively.The necessity of having the parents present is one big factor on how well they will turn out in the future. Therefore, it depends on how the parents handle the situation in the family that the children will be able to bear it and respond to it properly. As I have said earlier, the parents have to keep their stance firm in these kinds of situations. They need to have trust and confidence in each other. They, also, need to have constant communication to speech to each other their needs to build a strong relationship within the family despite the absence of one family member. More than anything in the world today, children need strong parents with strong convictions, a set of values and principles by which they live. Without such strength of convictions and principles, our children stand a good chance of simply being gobbled up by the social pressure in the world. (Dacayanan & Isaac, 1974) The Effect of Labor Migration Childhood is a very crucial stage for children. It is the time when children get the values that will found their behavior when they grow up. Therefore, parents role is very essential. match to Guthrie and Jacobs (1967), during the earliest childhood eld, child gets the attention of older people. However, as he grows, people expect him to become conscious of the things he ought to do and not to do. Not only that these things vary with the time and mood of people older than he does, he is compelled to obey them and to foreshadow what pleases or displeases them. About the things they encounter, children wonder and try to ask unending questions to their parents believing their parents can an swer them. If the children receive responsive answers to their questions, they will be encouraged to come up out more answers.On the other hand, when children receive unresponsive answers, or worse, are ignored, they will just try to figure things out on their own, and thus, starting want of communication between the parent and child. This is according to Felicidad Dacayanan and Josefina Isaac in their book, Towards Building the Filipino Family Today (1974). Childhood is the time when children need the presence of their parents the most. Nevertheless, how about those children with parents separated because of working overseas? How well will they turn when they grow up?On the Behavior of Children When children experience separation, there is a sudden change in their behavior. Children are immature. When they are given an entirely new situation, their behaviors that are manifested will be decided according to it, forgetting the previous one (Dacayanan & Isaac, 1974). Therefore, when children experience separation, they are quick to respond. According to Ortigas (1996), there are stages of attachment/detachment. First, the child denies the situation. He chooses to be blind to reality in order to cope with the situation.Second, when he feels that he cannot really cope with it, he becomes depressed. In this period, the child lacks interest in doing thingsplaying, studying, eating and the like. He pities himself about the situation and feels helpless and hopeless. After that, different thoughts will start dwelling house inside his mind. One of these is fear of abandonment. The child clings to other parent fearing that the parent left may also leave him since the absent parent was able to leave him. As a result, the child becomes submissive to the parent, or acts unacceptably to get attention from the parent.Another thought that will enter his mind is that he may be the cause of separation of the parents, making him feel guilty eventually. Hence, it will start the self-blame of the child. Because of this, he starts acting out behaviors that will lead to punishment. Lastly, he develops low self-esteem. In this period, he feels worthless and unlovable, maybe because of the punishments received from acting certain behaviors. The child thinks that this is the reason why the absent parent left him, and develops helplessness especially when he does not see much concern from the absent parent.These effects lead to certain manifestations in the actions of the children. To be particular, the situation compromises their academic performance. On the Academic performance of Children Students be hugeing to a family with a migrant parent sometimes have bad images, like being pasaway in school, back then. It was an issue for people to have single parent familiesbecause it was not still the first in mind when it comes to finding a high-paying job, assuming that children belonging in an imperfect nuclear family social structure connote poor academic perform ance. Different studies produced different hypotheses about the topic.Nevertheless, the presence of both of the parents, the mother only, the father only, or none of them has different outcomes Children with two parent migrant families are more likely to suffer from poor guardianship. In fact, many children, according to an interview, who dropped out of school, had all been members of those types of family who experience separation from their parents for a long time (Parrenas, 2006). Another piece of information is in agreement with the earlier Children in single parent families are at a greater lay on the line than children in other types of family.Even though they have the same level of intelligence with other children, they are three or more times to drop out of school. (Adoption. com) Furthermore, according to Hoffman (1967), daughters of employed mother are academic achievers, are successful in their careers, and are more independent. On the other hand, children in poverty, in both two-parent or single families with employed mothers, have higher cognitive and socio-emotional indices scores. In addition, sons from the middle class with employed mothers have dismount school performance and lower I. Q scores in the early years in school than those with mothers at home.One finding from the 1970s from the blue-collar class said that sons of employed mothers did well academically however, there was a strain in the father-son relationship. It is true that life in single parent family structure can be very difficult. Children, as said earlier, are more prone to suffer emotional struggles. As a result, they have greater chances to act inappropriately, especially if the parent left is busy working too. This can result in lack of time in disciplining and controlling their children, which often lead to lower school performance or misinterpretationsthat the parents left does not sock them.Some researchers suggest that family has great impact on the academic perform ance of children. It is a factor in the involvement of parents in their education. Income is a pressure that can confine parents effort from supporting them. (Adoption. com) Nevertheless, this is not true in all situations some children coming from the single parent families perform well in school. This may be credited to how well the family coped with the situation, and how firm the parent left stood firm on the situation.As I have pointed on the first part of this research, Families provide social and emotional supports that help family members cope with crisesBut perhaps the most widely recognized and universal components of the family are the care giving and training that parents and other family members provide for their young. (Shaffer, 1999, 558) enculturation and Time as factors to Prevention of the bad effects Children become what they are today through interaction and exposuregetting values from people skirt them and using everything hey acquired from the environment. This process of becoming self is fastest and crucial in the formative years because parents leave a mark on children, which schools will have a hard time correcting. This must not be taken for granted by Filipino parents who consider that all children in tender years can be ignored because they are still unaware (Dacayanan & Isaac, 1974). Studies about the topic may differ from one to another, may they agree or not, the performance of children in school is not dependent upon their situation.It is dependent on how the family handles it, starting from the responses of the parents, to their orientation of it to children, and to how children would respond to it. According to Shaffer (1999), in his book, Developmental Psychology Childhood & Adolscence, assimilation is a process by which children gain the beliefs, values, and behaviors considered fit by elders in the society which serves it through controlling childrens behavior, promoting growth in order to function well within their co mmunities, and imparting what they have learned as social adults to their children.However, time spent with the children is also a factor in building a good relationship in the family. Therefore, it is possible for children with parents working overseas to perform well in school, because parents can control their responses to situations. Generalizations Time together, mutual efforts for more overspread communication and greater understanding could alleviate the gap in father-away families. (Parrenas, 2006, 78) Indeed, working overseas of Filipino parents affects the academic performance of their children, may it be in good or in bad.However, we can minimize the bad effects, and only reap good effects of it, by simply applying what has been said above. The family is not built to function individually it is sector in the society built to function as a whole. Hence, the solution to the problem cannot be solved by anyone else, but ourselves. indite List Adoption. com (n. d. ). Single parenting and childrens academic achievement. Retrieved January 31, 2012, from http//library. adoption. com/articles/single-parenting-and-childrens-academic-achievement. tml Bigner, J. J. (1989). Parent-Child Relations. (Third Ed. ). New York Macmillan Publishing Company Dacayanan, F. M. , & Isaac, J. D. R. (1974). Towards building the Filipino family today. Quezon City Bustamante Press Guthrie, G. M. & Jacobs, P. J. (1967). Child rearing and personality education in the Philippines. Manila The Bookmark, Inc. Hoffman, L. W. (1967). The effects of the mothers employment on the family and the child. Retrieved January 31, 2012, from parenthood. ibrary. wisc. edu/Hoffman/Hoffman. html Ortigas, C. D. (1996). The Solo-parent experience A growing social phenomenom. Quezon City Office of the enquiry and Publications Ateneo de Manila University Parrenas, R. S. (2006). Children of global migration Transnational families and gendered woes. Quezon City Ateneo de Manila University Press Shaffe r, D. R. (1999). Developmental Psychology Chilhood and Adolescence. (Fifth Ed). USA Brooks/Cole Publishing Company

Democrat vs. Republican

Democrat vs. Republican The classless and Republican parties remain in-chief(postnominal) organizing structures for politics in the United States. Both Democratic and Republican also write party platforms, setting out the partys goals and policy positions. A partys platform is not binding on its nominees, platform planks atomic number 18 largely symbolic, and the often provide heated arguments and provide distinct differences among the parties to present to voters.The Democratic platform is that if America is to secure prosperity, progress, peace, and security for solely we cannot afford to go back, we must move forward together and we must not leave anyone behind. The Republican Platform is uplifting and visionary. The Democratic Party traces its origins back to Thomas Jeffersons Democratic- Republican Party, acquiring its current name under Andrew capital of Mississippi in 1828. It also pressed the state to choose presidential electors by popular vote rather than by state legi slatures.The Republican Party traces its origins to the anti-slavery and field forces that united in the 1850s and nominated Abraham Lincoln for president in 1860. The Difference between the Republican Party and Democratic Party is like the sun and moon. (It comes up and it goes down). According to the text book, The Republican Party believes the federal government should be small and ruled by the wealthy elite (p. 476 504), and secondly according to the website on who do you believe, the republican party believe that that your property is yours and you have the basic right to make use of it without unreasonable government restrictions.While on the other hand, the Democratic Party believes the federal government should be big and ruled by elected representatives (p. 494). The type of government they desire is the type our constitution gives us, a Republic, and the methods they are using to achieve their goals are conservative, and secondly the Democratic Party believe that the gov ernment has the right to regulate the use of private property in ossification with narrow special interests without giving just compensation to owners. The two platforms are also starkly different on the abortion issue.The Republican Platform states that the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed. And for the Democratic Party platforms states that a womans right to choose to abort the child. The similarities between Democratic and Republican party, I believe that both parties has been representing the interest of liberals and that is a shame because liberals ideals promote freedom, human rights, workers rights, a clean environment, and greater economic opportunities for all Americans. And both parties are led by people who vote for their own raises.Even some of their idea sometimes may seem wrong, but they do what is crush for their people. Sources Difference between Democratic and Republican. Who do you believe? Access on September 9, 2 010. Lowi Theodore J. , Ginsberg Benjamin, and Shepsle Kenneth A. American Government Power and Purpose. 10th ed. W. W. Norton and Company New York, 2008. Lowi Theodore J. , Ginsberg Benjamin, and Shepsle Kenneth A. American Government Power and Purpose. 10th ed. W. W. Norton and Company Inc. New York, 2008. Page 476-504

Uses of Job Description

Usefulness of Job Description 1. It Helps identify a job, distinguishing it from other jobs by its title. 2. It serves as a guide in employee recruitment, selection, and placement. 3. It establishes proper relationship betwixt one job and the others within the same salary bracket. 4. It facilitates comparisons with similar jobs in other firms for purposes of wage surveys. 5. It serves as a guide in the organization and judicial system of a department, division, section, or unit. 6. It helps to form lines of promotion or transfer and to spot employees who need further training. . It contributes to the personal satisfaction of every individual employee with his job. Components of Job digit Job specialization Job expansion Psychological components Self-directed teams Motivation and incentive systems ergonomics and work methods Job Specialization Involves o Breaking jobs into lower-ranking component parts o Assigning specialists to do each part First noted by Adam Smith (1776) o Ob served how workers in pin factory divided tasks into smaller components Found in manufacturing & service industriesJob Specialization Often Reduces Cost Greater dexterity & faster learning little lost time changing jobs or tools Use more specialized tools Pay only for needed skills Job Expansion Process of adding more vicissitude to jobs Intended to reduce boredom associated with labor specialization Methods o Job enlargement o Job enrichment o Job rotation o Employee sanction Psychological Components of Job Design Individuals have values, attitudes, and emotions that affect job results o Example Work is a social experience that affects belonging needs legal worker behavior comes mostly from within the individual o Scientific management argued for external financial rewards First examined in Hawthorne studies Self-Directed Teams Group of appoint individuals working together for a common goal May be organized for short-term or long-term objectives Reasons for effectivenes s o Provide employee sanction o Provide core job characteristics o Meet psychological needs (e. g. , belonging) Motivation Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environmentMotivation is the set of forces that compel behavior Money may serve as a psychological & financial motivator inducement systems o Measured daywork Pay based on standard time o Piece rate Pay based on pieces done Ergonomics and Work Methods Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Foundation laid by Frederick Taylor o Match employees to task o Develop work methods o Establish work standards Ergonomics Study of work Also called human factors Involves human-machine interface Examples o Mouse o Keyboard

Research Paper in Communication Studies

Research Paper in Communication Studies Proposal The Role of Blogs in the Media Environment Nowadays, intercommunicates run into a to a greater extent and more important role in the media environment. When they were ? rst considered trends that wont live long, immediately even experts ascribe them a major part of todays mass media. But how and in what mood do these online platforms actually take in? uence in mass media? What are communicates? Blog is the short word for Weblog, which is quiet of the words world wide web and logbook, so a blog support be mute as an earnings diary.The writer of a blog, named blogger is characterized by writing the blogposts, which are the entries on the blog. He tells stories or gives opinion on rough involvement, mostly on a speci? c topic the blog is well-nigh. In proportion to a website, a blog as (more or less) regular entries, which are sorted chronically. The newest entry is on the top while the older ones are at the bottom or sorted in an archive. 1 History of blogs The ? rst blogs developed in the late 1990s. The word Blog was ? rst used by Jorn Bager, in 1997. He was one of the ? rst people, who regularly wrote roundthing on a web page in the Inter lolly and called this thing a blog.When he was looking for similar sites to his one, he created a list of 23 blogs existing on the web. at heart a few years, the number of blogs increased rapidly. According to estimates, there were approximately 173 million of blogs on the Internet in October 2011, with a tendency going upwards. 2 1 2 http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/blog http//www. nielsen. com/us/en/newswire/2012/buzz-in-the-blogosphere-millions-more-bloggersand-blog-readers. html Research Paper in Communication Studies The role of blogs Blogs developed from internet-diarys to platforms talking about speci? themes and topics of any kind. Though they basically consist on personal opinion, they take a more and more important role in todays media. Especially in the fashion world, blogs are victorious over. even out the big designers sent out invitations to international bloggers to sit in their front row at the next fashion level. By displaying their own style, fashion bloggers aim to taking the over-the-top-world of fashion down to earth. This way, they show normal people that fashion isnt just hold back for the rich ones but something everybody can achieve and express themselves with.This may be one of the reasons why fashion bloggers became so important. Blog begun as platforms to tell the world what happens in your everyday live but now seem to evolve to some reliable sources to get inspiration or nurture from the Internet. Maybe this is why running a blog also seems like becoming to etiquette Almost every company has a separated company blog. Even broadcasting platforms like CNN3 or BBC4. Once you google the word blog, 100 of platforms to start an own blog will pop up. Also at the ? rst page The company blogs from twitter and g oogle itself.Research questions So what is the big thing about blogging? Does blogs really have an remarkable impact on todays media world? And if so, why? In my query paper, I will try to answer these questions and look behind the facade. Is blogging really more then something informed and cool and a trend you want to follow? Is it possible for them to remain in the quick changing world of the Internet? How is it possible that even big companies started own blogs and update them regularly? Apart from the occurrence that blogs DO exist and get more and more important, there is the question in what kind of way they do.Is it just extra information or are they as reliable as 3 4 http//edition. cnn. com/exchange/blogs/ http//www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/ Research Paper in Communication Studies radio and TV are seen nowadays? Does information shown on blogs is comparable to information shown elsewhere? What actual role do they play in todays media? I will also try to give a forecast about the role of blogs within the media in the near and later future. Will they remain in the media or soon be replaced by some new trend? Research Paper in Communication Studies SourcesPrint Nielsen, Jakob (2007) Blogosphere. In Information World Review, fall out 236, p. 30-30, 3/4p. Hogg, Nanette Lomicky, Carol S. Hossain, Syed A. (2008) Blogs in the Media Environment A Content Analysis of the Knowledge Stage in the Diffusion of an Innovation. Web Journal of Mass Communication Research. Internet http//www. wired. com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/12/blog_anniversary http//www. rebeccablood. net/essays/weblog_history. html http//www. nielsen. com/us/en/newswire/2012/buzz-in-the-blogosphere-millions-morebloggers-and-blog-readers. html

The Process of Conditioning

Florida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning outgrowth It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the gondola in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finally skidded to a stop, it was inches away from colliding into a tree.Two weeks later, Sarah noticed that she had hold up anxious every condemnation she had to drive in the rain. Believe it or not, Sarahs anxiety is collectible to an associative l make watering process called teach. According to Weiten (2008), conditioning involves learning associations between events that occur in an organisms environment (p. 169). Although psychology has a grasp on how we learn through classical and operative conditioning, it is impaired by biological constraints. unmingled conditioning, also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning (Weiten, 2008), was discovered by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. This hold of learning presents how an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), or a neutral event, is initially unavailing to evoke an unconditioned solution (UCR), or a reflexive response, but attains the ability to do so by pairing with another stimulus that can elicit such a response. Sarahs maculation would be an example of classical conditioning. The UCS would be Sarahs near-death experience. The UCR from Sarah was anxiety and fear.Now that she feels anxiety and fear every time she must drive when it rains, even if there is no chance of another accident, her reaction has become a conditioned response (CR) to the rain, which is now the conditioned stimulus (CS). Another type of conditioning is operative conditioning. operant conditioning (Weiten, 2008) can be distinguished from classical condi tioning in that classical conditioning explains how manipulations by events occur before the reflexive response, whereas operant conditioning explains how the response is influenced by the following result of an event.The response in operant conditioning is not reflexive, but rather, voluntary. Therefore, according to Weiten (2008), operant conditioning is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. Operant conditioning occurs on an mundane basis. It can be identified when a child studies ruffianly to earn good grades, an employee works hard to earn a raise in his/her salary, or even a dog performing tricks to earn a treat.Conditioning was assumed to be applied to any species that could respond to a stimulus. On the contrary, discoveries in new-fashioned decades switch shown that there are limits to conditioning. These limits are due to an organisms biological heritage (Weiten, 2008). born(p) drift is one of the many biological co nstraints. Instinctive drift was first described by the Brelands who were operant psychologists in the business of training tools for commercial purposes (Breland & Breland, 1966 as cited in Weiten, 2008).This occurs when the conditioning process is hindered by an animals response due to innate predispositions. For example, a dog can be trained to add a stick, but if the dog is presented with a bone, the dog would most likely run off someplace to bury the bone. This is because of the dogs innate food- preserving behavior. As stated by Michael Domjan (2005 as cited in Weiten, 2008), organisms concord developed distinctive response systems to deal with vital tasks and survival skills over the course of evolution.The principal fit of psychologists today on learning is that learning mechanism among different species are analogous, but some of these mechanisms have been altered due to the demands of the organisms environment. Theories of conditioning did not allocate the role of co gnitive processes until new decades. Edward C. Tolman and his colleagues (Tolman & Honzik as cited in Weiten, 2008) developed an experimentation in which they used three convocations of rats. All three groups were to run through a complicated maze. Group A was rewarded food daily when they were able to get to the devastation of the maze.Group B did not receive any food and group C was rewarded food on their eleventh trial. Group A showed a much improvement in a short course of time (approximately seventeen days) due to the reinforcement. Group B and C, however, showed little improvement over the course of 10 days. later on the 11th trial, group C showed a drastic improvement and even exceeded group A. Tolman determined that the rats in group C have been learning the maze just as much as group A. The motivation of the reward seemed to increase group Cs potential.He termed this as latent learning, which is dormant companionship that an organism has, but does not express until it is needed. Later on in the study of psychology, cognitive factors were compound into the study of conditioning. A major theme during the study of conditioning was nature vs. nature (Weiten, 2008). Behavioral traits were image to be explained through environmental factors, but the recent decades of evidence from the study of classical and operant conditioning has proved that the process of conditioning is impaired by biological constraints.Heritage and the environment once again dispute the theories of nurture when influencing behaviors in organisms. Child-care facilities, schools, factories, and major businesses have all been applied with principles of conditioning in order to improve. Classical and operant conditioning has been a significant contribution and has had a major influence to society.References Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology Themes & variations briefer interpretation (7th ed. ). Belmont, CA Wadsworth.